Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space Challenges and Solutions, with an Overview of Privacy Protection Measures in Iraq and Norway

Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
Challenges and Solutions, with an Overview of Privacy Protection Measures in Iraq
and Norway
Series of publications of Al-Bayan Center for Studies and Planning
Research Department / Economic Studies
Dr. Sanaa Abdul Qader Mustafa / University Professor – Norway – PhD in Industrial
Economics
Translation/ Milad Alnofali
Publication / Policy Paper
Topic /Economy and Development
Policy Paper 2026/1/24
2026 © حقوق النشر محفوظة
www.bayancenter.org
[email protected]
Since 2014
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I. Executive Summary:
• The deployment of artificial intelligence applications in Iraq is
rapidly increasing, ranging from public service systems and health
data analytics to surveillance systems and electronic marketing. This
growth opens significant economic and social opportunities-;- however,
it exposes citizens’ privacy and digital governance practices to serious
risks.
• The Iraqi reality indicates the existence of three main issues in
the digital space: excessive data collection, weak legal frameworks, as
well as cyber threats and a lack of digital awareness.
• Iraq requires a clear legal framework for data protection,
along with technical practices such as privacy-by-design, encryption,
algorithmic oversight, in addition to building institutional and societal
capacities.
• Decision-makers must initiate a sequenced and coherent
dialogue on the gradual implementation of legal information protection,
emphasizing that engagement with the private sector and civil society
is essential to ensure a balance between innovation and the protection
of rights.
• There is no comprehensive law regulating data protection in
Iraq, including within the private sector-;- nevertheless, some provisions
regulate privacy in general and provide protection for personal data in
telephone communications, telegrams, and government documents.
• The provisions currently in force in Iraq do not rise to the level
of international data protection standards, such as those established
by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the Personal Information Protection
Law (PIPL), rendering them inadequate to address data protection
concerns amid rapid technological development.
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
• From an economic perspective, states are enacting laws to
control various aspects of this field, such as jurisdiction and data
localization. Therefore, the definitions and principles of the GDPR and
other frameworks should be taken into account when determining
online privacy and data protection in Iraq.
• The absence of international standards in Iraq hinders the
establishment of controls consistent with global norms, leaving
citizens vulnerable to data exploitation and cybercrime, and increasing
the difficulty of international cooperation to address cross-border
cybercrime and data breaches.
• The draft Cybercrime Law primarily addresses computer-related
crimes and lacks substantial provisions related to data protection.
• The traditional laws currently applied in Iraq are unable to
address´-or-accommodate the new challenges imposed by the digital
era, exposing citizens to risks that threaten national security and
economic interests.
• Iraq urgently needs to exert rapid efforts to regulate and protect
online data in order to address the growing risks in the digital domain.
• It is necessary to amend existing laws to address critical
contemporary issues related to data protection and to ensure their
compatibility with current technological and societal challenges.
• Iraq should conclude multilateral and bilateral agreements to
enhance cross-border data protection and ensure security.
• The draft Cybercrime Law should be reviewed to include modern
data protection principles.
II. Introduction:
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The operational importance of artificial intelligence privacy in the
Iraqi digital space lies in AI’s reliance on data as a primary source for
learning and development. The data used include users’ behaviors,
geographic locations, consumer preferences, and even biometric data.
This intensive reliance makes data protection a strategic challenge.
Privacy risks manifest in several aspects, including:
• Covert surveillance: Algorithms that track users online without
explicit consent.
• Re-identification: The ability to link anonymized data to specific
individuals.
• Discrimination and bias: In decision-making algorithms,
potentially leading to unfair outcomes in areas such as employment
and insurance.
• Security breaches: AI systems may become targets of
cyberattacks aimed at sensitive data.
The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), adopted
in 2018, incorporated legal and ethical dimensions and established a
stringent framework regulating data collection and use. In contrast,
the legislation of many Arab and developing countries, including Iraq,
has yet to keep pace with technological challenges.
From an ethical standpoint, the issue of data ownership and individuals’
right to control their personal information is raised. Possible technical
solutions include:
• Encryption, anonymization, and secure computing.
• Differential Privacy to ensure data protection during analysis.
• Transparency: obligating companies and institutions to disclose
data collection policies.
• Accountability: establishing oversight bodies to hold entities
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
that violate privacy accountable.
• Digital literacy: raising individuals’ awareness of the importance
of protecting their data and how to control it.
III. Artificial Intelligence and Digital Privacy in the Era of Technological
Transformation
Artificial intelligence technologies have entered the core of digital
transformation in Iraq, ranging from improving the delivery of
government services to automating processes in the private sector.
Alongside these benefits, critical questions arise regarding the extent
to which individuals’ privacy and digital rights are protected. This
analysis addresses the main challenges in the Iraqi digital landscape
and presents practical, implementable solutions. In 2025, artificial
intelligence (AI) has become an essential part of daily life, being used
across multiple fields such as healthcare, education, business, and
security. With this expansion, concerns are increasing about how
these technologies affect individuals’ digital privacy. Studies indicate
that 57% of consumers consider AI to pose a significant threat to their
privacy, while 27% feel neutral about the issue, and only 12% do not
believe that AI negatively affects their privacy.1
The world is witnessing an unprecedented surge in the field of artificial
intelligence, as it has come to be employed across various economic,
social, security, and health sectors. This rapid development poses
challenges related to the protection of personal data and individuals’
digital privacy, particularly in light of the massive growth in data
volumes on which machine-learning algorithms rely.
The importance of this research lies in highlighting the relationship
between artificial intelligence and information privacy in Iraq, and in
1. 10 Under-the-Radar AI Companies to Watch in 2026, https://www.
eweek.com/news/under-the-radar-ai-companies-2026/
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identifying risks and possible solutions to ensure a secure digital space
that contributes to the development of the Iraqi national economy. The
study also aims to shed light on the most significant challenges that
may confront the protection of AI privacy in the Iraqi digital space, in
terms of:2
1. Clarifying and identifying the real reasons that constitute
obstacles to protecting AI privacy in the Iraqi digital space across public,
private, and mixed sectors, based on scientific analysis as defined by
the methodology of this research.
2. Proposing practical solutions to achieve AI privacy in the
Iraqi digital space through long- and medium-term economic plans,
ensuring comprehensive and sustainable economic development and
the advancement of investment in the Iraqi national economy.
This paper addresses specific concepts for how to tackle the challenges
facing AI privacy in the Iraqi digital space across public, private, and
mixed sectors that hinder its development, while also identifying
privacy protection measures in Iraq and Norway.
The paper advances the hypothesis that insurance companies and
financial institutions exist in Iraq that aim to secure AI privacy in the
digital space, within public, private, and mixed sectors that generally
hinder its development. The paper also relies on long-term strategic
planning (ten-year plans) and five-year economic plans that align with
the nature of work in Iraq and its social environment, with the aim of
achieving the desired economic and social development objectives.
Information systems within institutions and industrial production
projects that are -dir-ectly linked to the national economy constitute
one of the fundamental pillars contributing to solving most of the
problems related to providing and securing AI privacy in the Iraqi
digital space across public, private, and mixed sectors that hinder its
Data Protection in Iraq:-limit-ations of Existing Laws Amid the 2
Tech Wave, TWEJER Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 4, Nov. 2025, pp. 468–469.
https://journals.soran.edu.iq/index.php/Twejer/article/view/2066/1081
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
development overall, through the adoption of sound decision-making,
the elimination of administrative bureaucracy, and the reduction of
overlapping administrative -function-s among different organizational
units, in order to ensure AI privacy in the Iraqi digital space across public,
private, and mixed sectors that hinder its development in general.
IV. Why Is Privacy Important in the Context of Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence relies on massive amounts of data, some of which
are personal and sensitive. If such data are used without proper controls,
this may lead to algorithmic discrimination, privacy violations, and the
leakage of sensitive information, and may also deter individuals from
using digital services, thereby reducing economic and social benefits.
The main challenges in the Iraqi digital space in this context are as
follows:3
1. Lack of clear legislative frameworks and weak enforcement:
Existing laws are either incomplete´-or-not strictly enforceable with
respect to personal data protection, and there are no effective oversight
mechanisms governing the use of AI technologies.
2. Excessive data collection and the absence of the data
minimization principle: Many institutions collect data with no real
need for processing them,´-or-store them for long periods without clear
purposes.
3. Lack of transparency: The use of closed algorithms hinders the
ability to audit and intervene when bias´-or-errors occur.
4. Insufficient technical and security capacities: Weak cybersecurity
infrastructure and-limit-ed local expertise in data protection and AI risk
management.
3. Nadhim Hassan and Mayy Ablahad, Auditing Bias in Artificial Intelligence
in Light of the Institute of Internal Auditors’ Artificial Intelligence Audit
Framework: A Theoretical Analytical Study, Journal of Contemporary Business
and Economic Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023, various pages.
9
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5. Risks of surveillance and monitoring: Surveillance tools or
recognition systems may be used in ways that violate civil liberties,
particularly in the absence of independent legal oversight.
6. Low awareness among the public and institutions:-limit-ed
understanding among citizens of their digital rights, and weak corporate
practices regarding disclosure and obtaining valid consent.
Accordingly, measures require the enactment of a personal data
protection law that defines data collection rules, purposes, individuals’
rights (access, rectification, erasure), and penalties for violations-;- the
establishment of an independent data and AI regulatory authority with
investigative and sanctioning powers-;- the application of the principle
of Privacy by Design, whereby government and private projects are
required to embed privacy protection in the early design stages of AI
systems-;- and the adoption of Data Protection Impact Assessments
(DPIA) prior to deploying any new system that handles sensitive data.
It is necessary to impose practical constraints on data collection and
storage by enforcing the data minimization principle and enhancing
retention requirements (clear time-limit-s), and to encourage anonymized
or encrypted processing patterns wherever possible. Transparency and
accountability in algorithms are also crucial, including requirements to
publish explanatory summaries of how algorithms operate and their
expected impacts on users’ rights-;- independent mechanisms to review
algorithms used in decisions that affect fundamental rights (such as
employment, welfare, and social services)-;- and the building of national
capacities and cybersecurity through training programs for public and
private sector workers on user data management and system security,
alongside investments in cybersecurity infrastructure and robust
encryption tools.
In addition, public education and the promotion of a culture of informed
consent are necessary through awareness campaigns explaining users’
rights, the risks of data sharing, and methods of protecting personal
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
privacy. Concepts of digital rights should also be incorporated into
university curricula and vocational training programs.
Achieving partnerships among the public sector, private sector, and
civil society is an important step, through the establishment of joint
institutions to formulate practical guidelines, conduct pilot testing of
policies before full national implementation, and involve human rights
organizations and technical experts in oversight mechanisms to ensure
effective protection of privacy and users’ rights.
V. Economic Dimensions
Protecting privacy in digital systems is not merely a burden-;- rather,
it represents an economic opportunity, as it enhances users’ trust
in digital systems, encourages the adoption of artificial intelligence
services, and increases investment in various economic projects. With
well-designed transparency and governance regulation, technology
companies can be attracted, which reduces the risks of financial losses
resulting from the leakage of sensitive information and enhances the
value of data as a sustainable resource.
The economic dimensions include the following:
1. Data Collection and Use: The Foundation on Which Artificial
Intelligence Relies
Artificial intelligence algorithms depend on massive amounts of data
to train models and improve their performance. These data include
personal information such as:
• Interactions on social media.
• Search and browsing records.
• Health and financial data.
• Geographic location and personal preferences.
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As the use of artificial intelligence expands, concerns increase regarding
how these data are collected, who owns them, and how they are used
and shared.
2. Privacy Risks: Challenges Facing Individuals and Societies
The most prominent privacy-related risks associated with artificial
intelligence include:
• Continuous surveillance: The use of technologies such as facial
recognition and geolocation tracking to monitor individuals without
their knowledge´-or-consent.
• Discrimination and bias: Training models on unbalanced data
may lead to discriminatory decisions against certain groups.
• Non-transparent decisions: Difficulty in understanding how
models make decisions, which reduces accountability and transparency.
• Security breaches: Exposure of personal data to breaches may
result in the leakage of sensitive information that affects individuals
and societies.
3. Possible Solutions and Policies: Enhancing Privacy in the Age of
Artificial Intelligence
To address these challenges, a set of solutions and policies has been
developed to enhance digital privacy:
A. Legal and Regulatory Frameworks
• General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): One of the most
prominent legislations aimed at protecting individuals’ privacy in the
European -union-.
• European -union- Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act): Aims to
regulate the use of artificial intelligence and ensure its compliance
with privacy and ethical standards.
• Local laws: Such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
the United States, which grants individuals additional rights regarding
their personal data.
B. Modern Technologies for Privacy Protection
• Federated Learning: Enables model training on local data
without the need to transfer them to central servers, thereby reducing
the risks of data leakage.
• Advanced encryption: The use of techniques such as symmetric
and asymmetric encryption to protect data during transmission and
storage.
• Differential Privacy: A technique aimed at adding noise to data
to ensure that individual information is not disclosed during data
analysis.
• Awareness and education: Raising individuals’ awareness of
their digital rights and how to protect their personal data through:
o Training programs and workshops.
o Media awareness campaigns.
o Providing tools and technologies that help individuals control
their data.
VI. Real-World Examples: Artificial Intelligence Applications and
Their Impact on Privacy
Clearview AI was fined €30.5 million by the Dutch Data Protection
Authority for using images from social media without permission to
train facial recognition models.4 Company X (formerly Twitter) was
also investigated by the Irish Data Protection Commission for using
European users’ data to train the “Grok” chatbot without explicit
4. Dutch regulator slaps Clearview AI with -$-33 million fine and threatens
executive liability, Dutch regulator slaps Clearview AI with -$-33 million fine,
threatens executive liability | The Verge
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consent.5 In addition, Meta (META) was prevented from launching its
advanced artificial intelligence model “Llama” in the European -union-
due to regulatory concerns, including strict data protection laws.6
While artificial intelligence offers enormous opportunities to improve
our lives, it is essential to adopt policies and technologies that ensure
the protection of digital privacy. A balance must be achieved between
innovation and the protection of individuals’ rights through:
• Developing flexible legal frameworks that keep pace with
technological developments.
• Investing in technologies that protect data and ensure
transparency.
• Enhancing awareness and education among individuals and
institutions.
Through these combined efforts, it is possible to build a digital
environment that respects privacy and enhances individuals’ trust in
the use of artificial intelligence technologies.
VII. Artificial Intelligence and Privacy Protection in Norway: Trends
and Policies for 2025
A. Government Initiatives and National Strategies
Norway seeks to position itself as a leader in legally responsible artificial
intelligence, with a strong emphasis on respect for privacy and data
protection. In March 2025, the Norwegian government announced
plans to implement the European -union- Artificial Intelligence Act (EU
5. EU Hits Elon Musk’s X with 120 Million Euro Fine for Breaching Bloc’s
Social Media Law, https://apnews.com/article/x-elon-musk-twitter-european-
-union--regulations-0a135601e050518d5aa0a0155f973177
6. Meta pulls plug on release of advanced AI model in EU, Meta pulls plug
on release of advanced AI model in EU | Meta | The Guardian.
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Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
AI Act) and to develop a dedicated Norwegian artificial intelligence
law, with the aim of enforcing the new legislation by the summer of
2026. The Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) oversees the
implementation of these policies, including the regulation of artificial
intelligence use in both the public and private sectors and ensuring
compliance with European standards.
B. Domestic Legislation Related to Privacy and Data Protection
In January 2025, the new Electronic Communications Act (Ekomloven)
entered into force, regulating the use of traffic data in communications
networks. Under this law, traffic data must be erased´-or-anonymized
when they are no longer necessary for the specified purpose, with
retention permitted only if the data are used to provide a value-added
service and with the explicit consent of the user.7
C. Cooperation with the European -union- and Compliance with
International Standards
Norway is committed to implementing the European -union- Artificial
Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), which entered into force in August 2024.
As Norway is part of the European Economic Area (EEA), European
legislation applies -dir-ectly to it, including legislation related to artificial
intelligence and data protection.
D. Future Trends and Challenges
Despite progress in policy and legislative development, studies indicate
that the adoption of artificial intelligence in Norway is proceeding at a
slower pace than expected, in both the public and private sectors. Data
derived from the 2024 “OKIOS” survey show that the use of artificial
intelligence remains at an early stage, despite high expectations for its
future application.8
7. Data protection laws in Norway, Data protection laws in Norway - Data
Protection Laws of the World
8. Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk offentlig sektor
2024, [2412.19273] Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk
offentlig sektor 2024
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VIII. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Norwegian Public
Sector in 2025: Innovation and Compliance
A. Government Initiatives and National Strategies
Norway seeks to position itself as a leader in responsible artificial
intelligence, with a strong emphasis on respect for privacy and data
protection. In March 2025, the Norwegian government announced
plans to implement the European -union- Artificial Intelligence Act (EU
AI Act) and to develop a dedicated Norwegian artificial intelligence
law, with the aim of enforcing the new legislation by the summer of
2026. The Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) oversees
the implementation of these policies, including the regulation of
artificial intelligence use in the public and private sectors and ensuring
compliance with European standards.9
B. Domestic Legislation Related to Privacy and Data Protection
In January 2025, the new Electronic Communications Act (Ekomloven)
entered into force, regulating the use of traffic data in communications
networks. Under this law, traffic data must be erased´-or-anonymized
when they are no longer necessary for the specified purpose, with
retention permitted only if the data are used to provide a value-added
service and with the explicit consent of the user.10
C. Cooperation with the European -union- and Compliance with
International Standards
Norway is committed to implementing the European -union- Artificial
Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), which entered into force in August 2024.
As Norway is part of the European Economic Area (EEA), European
legislation applies -dir-ectly to it, including legislation related to artificial
9. AI in Norway: Innovation, KI-Norge, and Compliance in 2025, Norway AI
2025: KI Norge & Responsible Compliance, Nemko Digital.
10. Data protection laws in Norway, Data protection laws in Norway - Data
Protection Laws of the World
16
Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
intelligence and data protection.11
D. Future Trends and Challenges
Despite progress in policy and legislative development, studies indicate
that the adoption of artificial intelligence in Norway is proceeding at a
slower pace than expected, in both the public and private sectors. Data
derived from the 2024 “NOKIOS” survey show that the use of artificial
intelligence remains at an early stage, despite high expectations for its
future application.12
In 2025, Norway is witnessing notable progress in artificial intelligence
applications within the public sector, with a focus on responsible
innovation and sustainable infrastructure. The following are the most
prominent leading government projects and initiatives in this field:
1. “Stargate Norway” Project – An Advanced Artificial Intelligence
Data Center
Companies Aker and Nscale announced plans to build an advanced
data center in the Narvik region in northern Norway, in partnership
with OpenAI. The project, named “Stargate Norway,” aims to establish
Europe’s first “AI factory,” equipped with 100,000 NVIDIA processors
and powered entirely by renewable energy. This project is expected to
enhance Norway’s capacity to develop advanced artificial intelligence
models, including defense and security applications, within the
framework of cooperation with NATO.13
2. KI-Norge: The National Coordination Center for Artificial
Intelligence
11. Key Data & Cybersecurity Laws, Key Data & Cybersecurity Laws | Norway
| Global Data and Cyber Handbook | Baker McKenzie Resource Hub.
12. Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk offentlig sektor
2024, [2412.19273] Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk
offentlig sektor 2024
13. Rø-;-kkes datasenter kan bli Natos nye AI-vå-;-pen, Rø-;-kkes datasenter kan
bli Natos nye AI-vå-;-pen – E24
17
www.bayancenter.org
“KI-Norge” (Norwegian Artificial Intelligence) was established under
the supervision of the Norwegian Digitalisation Agency (Dig-dir-)
as a national platform aimed at promoting the responsible use of
artificial intelligence. The project includes an “AI Sandbox” that allows
government institutions and small and medium-sized enterprises to
test artificial intelligence solutions in a safe and controlled environment,
thereby fostering innovation while ensuring compliance with legal and
ethical standards.14
3. Support for Research and Development in Artificial Intelligence
Norway allocated funding of NOK 62 million (EUR 6.2 million) to support
doctoral projects in the public and industrial sectors in the field of
artificial intelligence for the year 2025. This initiative aims to enhance
cooperation between universities and government institutions to
develop innovative solutions in areas such as healthcare, public
administration, and energy.15
4. Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Healthcare Sector
The healthcare sector in Norway is considered a pioneer in adopting
artificial intelligence technologies, which are used in medical data
analysis, improving disease diagnosis, and personalizing treatments.
These applications are implemented through cooperation between
public hospitals, universities, and technology companies, contributing
to improved quality and efficiency of healthcare services.16
E. Norway’s Digital Strategy 2024–2030
Norway’s Digital Strategy aims to make the country the most
digitalized in the world by 2030. The strategy focuses on enhancing the
use of artificial intelligence in public administration, improving digital
14. AI in Norway: Innovation, KI‑-;-Norge, and Compliance in 2025, Norway AI
2025: KINorge & Responsible Compliance | Nemko Digital
15. The Artificial Intelligence Initiative, The Artificial Intelligence Initiative
16. Artificial Intelligence 2025, Artificial Intelligence 2025 - Norway | Global
Practice Guides | Chambers and Partners
18
Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
infrastructure, and ensuring the protection of personal data. Initiatives
include the development of fast and secure communication networks
and facilitating data sharing across different sectors.17 Through these
projects and initiatives, Norway seeks to strengthen its position as a
leading hub in artificial intelligence, with an emphasis on responsible
innovation, sustainability, and privacy protection.
F. Norway’s National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025
The Norwegian government announced a national strategy aimed at
promoting the use of artificial intelligence in priority areas, including
public administration. The strategy includes encouraging government
entities to implement pilot projects to gain experience and better
understand the technology. These pilot projects are considered
an important step toward assessing the effectiveness of artificial
intelligence in improving government services.18
G. National Research Centers in Artificial Intelligence
Norway has launched six specialized research centers in artificial
intelligence, with government support amounting to NOK 1 billion,
aimed at strengthening education and research in this field. Among
these centers are:
• AI Learn Center: Focuses on enhancing human learning
through artificial intelligence and includes the training of 16 doctoral
researchers.
• TRUST Institute: Aims to develop trustworthy and secure
artificial intelligence systems and works on capacity building in research
environments and increasing societal competence in this field.19
17. Norway’s Digital Priorities, Norway’s Digital Priorities
18. The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, The National Strategy
for Artificial Intelligence - regjeringen.no
19. TRUST is one of six new research centres for artificial intelligence,
TRUST is one of six new research centres for artificial intelligence - Department
of Geosciences
19
www.bayancenter.org
• KI-Norge National Artificial Intelligence Platform: KI-Norge
(Norwegian Artificial Intelligence) was established as a national platform
aimed at promoting the responsible use of artificial intelligence in
education and other sectors. This initiative includes the establishment
of an “AI Sandbox” to test systems in a safe environment, supporting
innovation and compliance with European standards.20
Curriculum Development
A new government committee has been formed to oversee the
integration of artificial intelligence into higher education. The
committee works to provide guidance to educational institutions on
how to incorporate artificial intelligence into curricula and to ensure
the responsible use of technology by students.21
Training Programs and Educational Initiatives
A. Use of Artificial Intelligence in Primary and Secondary Education
Norway is working to integrate artificial intelligence into primary and
secondary education by developing smart educational tools that help
personalize learning and provide individualized support for students.
This aims to improve the quality of education and ensure equal access
to educational opportunities.
B. Challenges and Opportunities
Despite the progress achieved, Norway faces challenges in ensuring
equal access to artificial intelligence technologies, particularly in rural
areas. Nevertheless, government initiatives and educational programs
offer opportunities to enhance digital competence and develop the
skills necessary to keep pace with technological advancements.
20. AI in Norway: Innovation, KI‑-;-Norge, and Compliance in 2025, op cit,
21. Wasson and Fæ-;-rstad join the government’s AI committee for higher
education, Wasson and Fæ-;-rstad join the government’s AI committee for
higher education | News | UiB
20
Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
Doctoral Projects in the Public Sector
As part of its support for research and development, Norway has
allocated funding amounting to NOK 62 million to support doctoral
projects in the public sector, with a focus on artificial intelligence
applications. This initiative aims to strengthen cooperation between
universities and government institutions to develop innovative
solutions in fields such as healthcare, public administration, and
energy.22
Conclusion
The paper affirms that artificial intelligence offers immense
opportunities for societal development, while at the same time
posing serious threats to digital privacy. The principal challenge lies in
striking a balance between technological innovation and safeguarding
individuals’ digital rights. Accordingly, cooperation among legislators,
companies, and civil society remains an urgent necessity to ensure a
safer and more equitable digital space.
Therefore, fully harnessing artificial intelligence in Iraq requires
creating a delicate balance between innovation and privacy protection.
This necessitates establishing a clear legal framework, providing
effective technical tools, and building strong institutional and societal
capacities. Moreover, the systematic and gradual implementation of
these solutions is capable of transforming potential risks into tangible
economic and social opportunities.
References:
• Nadhim Hassan and Mayy Ablahad, Auditing Bias in Artificial
Intelligence in Light of the Institute of Internal Auditors’ Artificial
Intelligence Audit Framework: A Theoretical Analytical Study, Journal
of Contemporary Business and Economic Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023.
22. The Artificial Intelligence Initiative, op cit,
21
www.bayancenter.org
• 10 Under-the-Radar AI Companies to Watch in 2026, https://
www.eweek.com/news/under-the-radar-ai-companies-2026/
• AI in Norway: Innovation, KI-Norge, and Compliance in 2025,
Norway AI 2025: KI Norge & Responsible Compliance | Nemko Digital.
• Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk offentlig
sektor 2024, [2412.19273] Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i
Norge i norsk offentlig sektor 2024.
• Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i Norge i norsk offentlig
sektor 2024, [2412.19273] Anvendelse av kunstig intelligens (KI) i
Norge i norsk offentlig sektor 2024.
• Artificial Intelligence 2025, Artificial Intelligence 2025 – Norway
| Global Practice Guides | Chambers and Partners.
• Data Protection Laws in Norway, Data Protection Laws in
Norway – Data Protection Laws of the World.
• Data Protection Laws in Norway, Data Protection Laws in
Norway – Data Protection Laws of the World.
• Data Protection in Iraq:-limit-ations of Existing Laws Amid
the Tech Wave, TWEJER Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 4, Nov. 2025, pp.
468–469. https://journals.soran.edu.iq/index.php/Twejer/article/
view/2066/1081
• Dutch Regulator Slaps Clearview AI with -$-33 Million Fine and
Threatens Executive Liability, The Verge.
• EU Hits Elon Musk’s X with 120 Million Euro Fine for Breaching
Bloc’s Social Media Law, https://apnews.com/article/x-elon-musktwitter-
european--union--regulations-0a135601e050518d5aa0a015
5f973177
• Key Data & Cybersecurity Laws, Norway | Global Data and Cyber
Handbook | Baker McKenzie Resource Hub.
22
Artificial Intelligence and Privacy in the Iraqi Digital Economic Space
• Meta Pulls Plug on Release of Advanced AI Model in EU, The
Guardian.
• Norway’s Digital Priorities, Norway’s Digital Priorities.
• Rø-;-kkes Datasenter Kan Bli Natos Nye AI-Vå-;-pen, E24.
• The Artificial Intelligence Initiative, The Artificial Intelligence
Initiative.
• The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, The National
Strategy for Artificial Intelligence – regjeringen.no.
• TRUST Is One of Six New Research Centres for Artificial
Intelligence, Department of Geosciences.
• Wasson and Fæ-;-rstad Join the Government’s AI Committee for
Higher Education, News | UiB.
www.bayancenter.org
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For an Active state
and a participating society

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