Everything is a matter

Everything is a matter

Prepared by:Faten khater

What is matter?
The matter refers to anything that occupies space and has mass—in other words, the “stuff” that the universe is made of matter: air, water, food, clothing, seas, airplanes. All of these things essentially matter.


Matter is made of particles
Rock, air, and water look very different, but they have one big thing in common: they are all made of very tiny pieces, far too small to see, these pieces are called particles.

The movement of particles
In rock and other solids, the particles are not free to move around.


But in liquids and gases, they move freely in all -dir-ections. As they move they collide with each other.
The particle in liquid´-or-gas moves in a random way, changing -dir-ection every time it hits another particle, it is called random motion.

Example from our life
There are some examples all around us that things are made of particles, and they move around in liquid and gas.
Cooking smells can spread out into the street. This is because `smells’ are caused by gas particles mixing with, and moving through, the air.

States of Matters:
Solid, liquid and gas.

What is the difference?
A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. It does not flow, like all the solid things around us-;- their shapes and volume do not change.


A liquid flows easily, it has a fixed volume, but its shape changes. It takes the shape of the container you pour it into.

A gas does not have a fixed volume´-or-shape. It spread out to fill its container. It is much lighter than the same volume of solid´-or-liquid.

Water: Solid, liquid and gas.
Water can be a solid (ice) , a liquid (water), and a gas (water vapour´-or-steam). Its state can be changed by heating´-or-cooling.

1- Ice slowly changes to water, when it is put in a warm place. This change is called melting. The temperature shows 0°C is until all the ice has melted so 0°C is called its melting point.

How are the particles arranged?
The particles in a solid are arranged in a fixed pattern on the lattice.
Strong forces hold them together.
So they can not leave their positions.
The only movements they make are tiny vibrations to and from.

2- when the water is heated its temperature rises, and some of it changes to water vapour. This change is called evaporation the water gets, the more quickly it evaporates.

How are the particles arranged?
The particles in a liquid can move about and slide past each other.
They are still close together, but not in a lattice. The forces that hold them together are weaker than in a solid.

3- Soon bubbles appear in the water. It is boiling. The water vapour shows up as steam. The temperature stays at 100 °C while the water boils off. 100 °C is the boiling point of water.

How are the particles arranged?
The particles in a gas are far apart, and they move about very quickly.
There are almost no forces holding them together. They collide with each other and bounce off in all -dir-ections.

And when steam is cooled, the opposite changes take place:
Steam---- cool below 100 °C---condenses from water----cool below 0°C— freezes´-or-solidifies to form ice.

Note:
Condensing is the opposite of evaporating.
Freezing is the opposite of melting.
The freezing point of water is the same as the melting point of ice, 0°C.


Changing state
Melting when a solid is heated, its particles get more energy and vibrate more. This makes the solid expand. At the melting point, the particles vibrate so much that they break away from their positions.
The solid turns liquid.

Boiling when a liquid is heated, its particles get more energy and move faster. They bump into each other more often, and bounce further apart. This makes the liquid expand. At the point, the particles get enough energy to overcome the forces between them. They break away to form a gas.

Evaporation particles in a liquid have more energy than others. Even well below the point, some have enough energy to escape and from a gas. This is called evaporation. It is why puddles of rain dry up in the sun.


Power word:
Boiling: the change from a liquid to a gas, which takes place at the boiling point.
Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance boils.
Evaporation: the physical change where a liquid turns to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point.
Lattice: a regular arrangement of particles.
Melting: the physical change from a solid to a liquid.
Melting point: the temperature at which a solid substance melts.
Random motion: the zig-zag path a particle follows as it collides with other particles and bounces away again.


Question
1- what is the matter?
2- the particles, liquids and gases show random motion. What does that mean, and why does it occur?
3- which word means the opposite of: a) Boiling? b) melting?
4- explain the difference between the states of Matters.
5- How are the particles arranged in:
Boiling?
Melting?
Evaporation?


Resources:
The basic source is complete Chemistry for Cambridge IGCSE book, second edition,Oxford and Cambridge.
By-;- RoseMarie Gallagher and Paul Ingram.

1- Khan academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/elements-of-life/a/matter-elements-atoms-article

2- Study.com
https://study.com//academy/lesson/what-is-a-particle-definition-theory-quiz.html

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