Political crisis in the Arab homeland -Algeria as a model

Hanane saouli
Political crisis in the Arab homeland -Algeria as a model
in recent years any 1989 M Algeria witnessed several events, whether internal´-or-external, which led to the creation of a crisis in the political field, as a result of the changes and the changes which have taken place in the political system, where the relationship of democracy, including so-called political development, proceeding from this the question of the political development in Algeria is considered one of the major issues that must be addressed in order to know the impact of political crisis of the political development. And here we have the problem:
What is the impact of the crisis on the political development in Algeria?
Some studies indicate that the term crisis Greek back to his roots, as it is derived from the word crise Greek word, which means the management of the subject of the resolution critical´-or-is important, however, that this word is used in general to refer to the situation of danger and suspense. (1)
The term crisis is contained in the Chinese language the whole between concerned include the word wetye vehicle from word wet expresses the danger (2) according to the opportunity that could be invested to ward off the danger, it is clear that the differences on defining the term the crisis stemming from the different levels of the crisis, as the crisis is widely used the term in many issues, we say economic crisis, cash crisis, psychological crisis, food crisis, political crisis.
Therefore, the crisis could occur in any of the actors in any place´-or-time, and can be a way to prevent some of the crises, while the others can be addressed´-or-absolute control, and therefore could not contain the armed conflict 3) in particular crises with a high degree of complexity and involve the threat of values and interests of the Parties to the crisis.
With regard to the political crisis has been the subject of attention of researchers in the field of international relations, and those who tried to put the definition of clear and specific to them, but the different visions researchers intellectual has led to multiple definitions of the term political crisis of the difficulty of finding a comprehensive definition. (4)
political crisis on the manifestations of international conflict and conflict between Governments and States, and also linked to the element of the threat of international security and national interests first. (5)
2-the nature of the political crisis in Algeria
Algeria before the events of October 1988 M difficult circumstances resulting from the multiple crises which aspects of the system has become multilateral political crises, the outcome of these events had accumulated a group of economic, political and social circumstances, where severe debt crisis because of sudden collapse in oil prices, which is the original supplier Algerian economy rose so Unemployment rate estimated commercially applied between %1.5 to 2 million unemployed, 20% TO 30% of the total workforce. (6)
and lost control of one party to the Authority and the lack of political participation and the growing phenomenon of political and administrative corruption citizens and a feeling of marginalization and the absence of social justice, the situation exploded in the form of demonstrations protesting movements, he went out to impact angry young people to the streets and riot touched all What symbolizes tate ruling party, the President of the Republic announced at the time of the siege of the history of 6/10/1988 (7) under which the intervention of the army to the capital was entrusted with the task of the enemy, to include protests against the rest of the mandates of the homeland in 7/10/1988, army resorted to the use of force, killing a number of protesters and arrested another number to stop huge events on 10/10/1988, leaving behind a difference between political leaders and researchers On its interpretation of the determination of the causes of its outbreak, there are those who believe that the economic and social causes of the spread of unemployment and poverty, such as "Ahmed Bin worse "and "Mohamed Boudiaf", and there is a view of authority within this trend represents "Mohamed Cherif Messaadia" who considered the events accosted on the party and the army carried out with, belonging to the regime and Complicity from abroad (8) and it was a reflection of the significant events of the orientation and political bring political system, where the transition to political pluralism, under the Constitution of the 23/2/1989, which laid down the circulation of pluralism and political military power peacefully through the ballot boxes, (9) the contents the constitution as follows:
-The word socialism and give the right to establish associations of a political nature (article 40)
- the method of election of the President of the Republic and the members of the Council of the national popular suffrage and -dir-ect secret (articles 68 and 95) (10)
-dimensions of the military from political life.
- To give the right to establish trade -union-s.
-The text on the right to establish associations of a political nature.
- after the issuance of the Constitution of 1989, and the issuance of the law on associations of a political nature, as witnessed the establishment of AlgeriaHowever, the postponement of the elections under the pretext of not appropriate security conditions and external the procedure these elections, in this period, the government of "Births khamrouch" prepared draft laws for the division into constituencies (12), which was rejected by political parties, and in particular the FIS, felt that the ruling party and considered it a violation of democratic path in the spirit of the Constitution of 1989, which led to the explosion of the confrontation between the political system and the Islamic Salvation, where it can be .effects Street obstacle to Algerian political and civil organizations and political)13

, To resign government of "khamrouch "and detain leaders in front ا indicate in the streets and declare a state of siege, upon termination of the latter, "Sadli Bin new" date of the legislative elections on26/12/ 1991m, and participated in the front and the rest of the Parties and the results of the elections have national liberation front (14), although Front won in the elections, but the army and some other parties opposed to the results of these elections and demanded cancellation, while waiting for the second session for the elections in January 1992, a solution "Al-Shazli "parliament and resigned under pressure from the military, was to provide this resignation to the Constitutional Council, which declared final vacancy for the post of the President of the Republic, the complexity of the crisis dissolution of the Islamic Salvation Front and the promulgation of decrees to dissolve all of the municipal councils, (15) and replaced municipal eDelegations of xecutive and state where issued Presidential Decree No. 49/92 on the declaration of a state of emergency, and the most important contents in this decree is that disrupts the forensic public authorities´-or-hinder the actions served the opposite purpose is installed´-or-opposition declared by local councils´-or-municipal executive bodies and in the position of authority custodian party executive appointment of small delegations at the local level, thus entered in Algeria Constitutional crisis as a result of constitutional vacuum, where he acknowledged the constitutional council headed by "Ben Habayliss," not to the existence of legal material in the Constitution of 1989, talking about the dissolution of parliament vacating the position of President of the Republic at the same time, the impact has been formation of the Supreme Council of the State, which was headed by "Mohamed Boudiaf" which was based on the -function-s of the President resigned to him with all the powers granted to the President of the Republic and the members of the Council "Khaled Nizar " on the Aaron" on the "Enough" who was assassinated in 29/6/1992 to be replaced by "adequate" 16 (Supreme Council approved the establishment of a national council consultant was assigned to a group of tasks, the most important of the debate and deliberation and relations with other institutions and exercise of power peaceful. (17) 3. The impact of the crisis on the political development:
* -impact on legitimate political participation:
resulted in the cancellation of electoral institutions and forming an interim political to the emergence of a legitimacy crisis Political participation, which lacked the running of the State in that period to the existence of an elected president and parliament, the Supreme State Council, headed by Mohamed Boudiaf" the transitional stage With their president, powers of appointment (article06), and the head of state under the authority of the President of the Republic elected document.
* The government: the task of the Government in the preparation of programs of transitional stage the transitional national council and ratification (26) the President of the Government on the initiative of commands.
. interim national council: This is a parliament where the exercise of legislative -function-, this includes the council 200 members living as the situation under a presidential decree to the transition phase (article 27).
The formation of interim councils to the complexity of the crisis, where the large number of parties, especially the provincial parties and Retreating output considered this symposium in which a devotion to the crisis of legitimacy Monopoly and New PA, this stage witnessed also the establishment of the Committee on the national dialog on the eve of the end of the transitional phase of the Council of the State at the beginning of the 1994m, and chaired the committee of "Youssef al-Khatib" and "general ibn Mansur" and "General Mohamed Touati" and "general Tayeb Darragi" and "Kassem large and "Abdul Qader bin Saleh" (27), the Committee has conducted a series of contacts and dialogs with various parties and personalities are embodied signs of national dialog and reconciliation to release two of the detainees of the Islamic Front for the Salvation of "the Abdi" and "Abd Al-Qader Bokhmkhm" these dialogs were aimed at the following:28)
-loopback peace visual firm
-back in as soon as the democratic electoral route.
- maintain and develop national symposium on the achievements and promote national reconciliation.
-work in order to achieve and ensure the security of persons and property security and Reasons.
- Promote social justice fair distribution of wealth.
In the framework of the policy of dialog the right "Liamine Zeroual" is called "the law of mercy" and this command measures had given no indication of mercy as well as the rules and conditions applicable to persons pursuing crimes of terrorism´-or-sabotage, and those who have surrendered themselves to the authorities competent automaticall and Poetry withholding of all terrorist activity´-or-sabotage. (29)
after the resignation of the Government of the "Reza Malek on 11 April 1994 and the failure of a policy of dialog between the Authority and the opposition resorted some political formations to move to abroad to Rome after that is estimated by the meeting in inside, because of deteriorating security conditions (30) , and organized these parties a symposium in the city of Rome, Italy on 13 January 1995, in which the demands in the form of a contract out of the crisis, the most important contents of the Decade, a claim the presidency to initiate unconditional negotiations with the opposition in that the front FIS, for a settlement policy of the crisis, and the text of the contract on the need for peaceful rotation of power and the recognition of the aTamazight nd dimensions of the military from political life. Although the proposals contained in Rome, but they did not receive a response from the political system, the Authority rejected opposition proposals because it was under the auspices of the foreign, where Assembly sponsored Catholic Saint Ejido " this decade.(31)

2 - Elections 1955 and Search For Legitimacy:
since the President of the Republic appointed "Lamin Zerwal" the position of the President of the Republic, in his talk with the leaders of the Islamic Salvation Front in prison in order to reach an agreement to end the crisis and stop the violence, but that these dialogs did not come as a result of 31), which led to the adoption of the
After the adoption of the national calendar was "Lamin Zerwal" delivered a speech at the anniversary of the beginning of November, in which he talked about his intention to organize presidential elections in late 1995 and, on 16 November 1995, Algeria witnessed the first multi-candidate presidential elections, a candidate running for the four figures are "Lamin Zerwal ", Mahfouz Nahnah" movement candidate Islamic Society said Saeedi, a candidate of the Movement for an Islamic society," said Saadi" movement candidate for Culture and Democracy and "Noureddin Boukrouh "Algerian Renewal Party candidate, and absent from these elections the most important actors in political life parties represented in three fronts, Islamic Salvation Front and the National Liberation Front and Socialist Forces reactions differed over the timing of the elections, where authority considers that any organization of the elections in this period is important to return to legitimacy and track election, while the opposition Security conditions do not permit the holding of elections on the one hand and the end of the transitional phase from the other side, in the framework of the political disputes between the Authority and the opposition insisted on its authority to organize presidential elections earlier prior beginnings. In the framework of the presidential elections, all the former nominees introduced the electoral program, has called for "Liamine Zeroual" in his electoral program to national dialog and reconciliation and promotion of multilateralism, the "Mahfouz Nahnah" has called in electoral program to freedom, equality and parity Alli power peacefully, after the end of the electoral campaigns organized presidential elections amid deteriorating security conditions and the results of the election victory of the candidate the authority Lamin Zerwal where to get the proportion of votes, 61.29, and obtain "Mahfouz Nahnah" on the proportion of 26.06 percent, while you get "Saadi Saadi" on the rate of 8.94 percent and "Nour Eddin" boukrouh on %3.70
reactions differed on the results of the elections, there is a view of formal it because the opposition did not compete Zeroual consensus candidate for the presidency, but competed with each other to that occupies the second position, there is the The view was expressed that the elections were free and fair international bodies have been under control, Arab and African,where witnessed several impartial international observers, for participating in the elections of 1991, canceled, where did not exceed 58 % participation despite considerable mobilization for each participating parties how this percentage up to %75 in conditions of security is the most difficult in the history of Algeria, and thus gave the legitimacy of elections new political system, but it has not yet attained acceptance of some political parties, to enable it to impose its policy -dir-ections and allow him to international representation and participation with kinds of International.(32)
- Development of second room in the parliament, as well as to the National People s Council is the Council of the nation.
- Duplication of elimination of establishment of administrative courts and the Council of State and the court of litigation Supreme Court of the State.
-replacement label associations of a political nature and define the conditions for political parties established to ensure commitment to the principle of non-use and non-use of force and violence to national identity political purposes.
- To ensure the neutrality of the administration and to ensure the right of the citizen to dignity and non-violation of deprived actors and their participation in political life.
- Focus on preference for Election Law which way relative voting on the basis of the list and the geographic and allow Algerians abroad to cast their ballots and the election of their representatives.
- Determining the duration of the mission of the presidency to five years in which the President of the Republic the electoral custody one-time-only (article 74) of the Constitution.
witnessed on 28 November 1996, the first referendum in Algeria on the constitutional amendments, which ended this referendum vote of approval, where the voting yes 10785919, and voting without 1964108.(33)
After gaining the constitution of 1996, the approval of the people has been initiated in preparation for the legislative elections, which will be held on the fifth of Juan act of 1947 M, has been holding these elections an amendment to each of the elections and political parties act, where under these amendments many parties perhaps the most prominent of which is the National Grouping Party Democracyrnd led by Ahmed Ouyahia, which won the majority of seats in the parliament, where it gets 155 seats, while the movement of constructing peace to get 69 seats, while pro-peace society movement to get 69 seats, followed by the Third National Liberation Front party of 64 pro-seat, it also revealed the results of the legislative elections on 5/6/ 1997M National Democratic Rally B 155 the last of which was the -union- for Democracy and freedoms, the victory of the National Democratic Party a lot of doubts How modern establishment party that wins a majority of the seats, while other parties find ancient for several years, but it has not yet attained a majority of seats after the end of the legislative elections and win RND, followed by the Council of the nation – Parliament chamber on26/12/ 1997M local elections headed for control over the Rally for Culture and Democracy at all municipal councils and the mandate for the completion of the construction of institutional edifice in accordance with the Constitution of 1989, and amended on 28/11/1996, ending after this demarcation of transitional stage.
At last we can conclude that the political crisis in Algeria greatly affected the political development, the first of which is due to the absence of legitimacy, as well as to refer to political participation, as mentioned above, in addition to the absence of elected institutions at that time, but was only a temporary transitional councils, which take over the -function-s of elected institutions such as the Council of the State Consultative Council and the national, as well as affected not to Justice in distribution of on the one hand and the spread of deprivation on the other.(34)
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