Egyptians and Egypt Eternal Triad

“In the beginning was Nile River, then Egypt came to be”
Egypt as land, state and nation were born in parallel to the river’s mood--;-- high´-or-low. The annual coming of Hapi ,the god of Nile, with the helical rising of Sirius (Star of Isis ) around June 25, in complete cooperation with the Pharao of the land would usher inundation of the Nile River. The Nile was considered to be a causeway between life to the East and afterlife to the West, as the god Ra, the Sun, underwent birth, death, and resurrection each day while crossing the sky.
The ancient Egyptian triad, Nile River, God and Pharaoh´-or-“ sustenance, faith, and power” made the backbone of the state, the essence of the culture and the basis of endeavour for economic stability and maintained Egyptian resilience following droughts, low river´-or-foreign invasion.
Throughout history, Egyptians were governed by this triad, central military power that strictly regulates resources with a relation to God that varied from era to another, but most of the time a humble one.

Initially, two kingdoms appeared through the river--;-- Upper and Lower Egypt. However being only one river, unity seemed inevitable and King Narmer of Upper Egypt merged both kingdoms, peacefully more´-or-less, and combined the two crowns into one, creating the biggest kingdom in history, at the time, with strong army and really powerfull centralized government. Early Dynastic pharaohs solidified their control over lower Egypt by moving the capital to Memphis , southern border of current Cairo to the west of the Nile, to easily control labour market and agriculture of the fertile delta region as well as the critical military and trade routes through surrounding desserts on either side. The Pharaoh of the New, unified, Egypt became the people’s religious divine ruler. Pharaoh’s major role was to preserve unity of land and to overcome the enemies of Ma at, goddess of Truth, Order and Justice. Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity made possible by a well-developed central administration.There were military expeditions into the East and the South, with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into the --union-- of the white and blue Niles.

Severe drought and low river, led to weakening of central might in favor of powerful non-royal regional governers and myriad of different deities, that culminated into internal disorders and finally collapse of the Old Kingdom into decades of famine and strife during the first intermediate period.

Reconstruction into the Middle kingdom was associated with dropping of the elitist attitudes towards the gods in favor of an increase in expressions of personal piety and simlification´-or-actual democratization of the afterlife, in which all people possessed a soul and could be welcomed into the company of the gods after death. Consequently more efforts were devoted to the construction of sun temples with the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra.

Invasion from the East by Semitic Canaanite people ,Hyksos´-or-foreign rulers, fractured the power of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs, seized control of Egypt, and forced the central government to retreat peripherally to Thebes during the second Intermediate period.
They retained Egyptian models of government and portrayed themselves as pharaohs, thus integrating Egyptian elements into their culture. Ahmos I successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos, establishing the expansionistic New Kingdom. Egypt had an empire extending from north west of Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in Nubia and maintained regional peace and prosperity, especially during the reign of the lady Hatshepsut. Culturally, they began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak, and constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements.
From within, a series of radical and chaotic reforms initiated by Amenhotep IV threatened the New Kingdom stability. He extolled the previously obscure sun diety Aten as the supreme deity, changed his name into Akhenaten, suppressed the worship of most other deities and attacked the power of the temple that was dominated by the priests of Amun in Thebes, whom he saw as corrupt and finally moved the capital to the new city Amarna. The New Kingdom was absorbed in an enforced new religion and a prolonged row, ignoring rising kingdoms in the Near East that were vying for influence and expansion.However, after his death the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned and the priests of Amun soon regained the power into the original capital, Thebes.

However, this exercise had proven that high priests became a fearful power and huge burden that could easily splinter the system. This was intelligently manoeuvred by one Paharo who had put forward his dream --script-- for them to decipher “ sevens eaten by sevens, fat and lean cows, green and dry wheat plants”. This was decoded, to Pharao’s satisfaction, by the well-known pious, virtuous and foreign slave Joseph as--;-- seven years of abundance would be followed by seven years of famine. His advice was to store surplus grain during the years of abundance for local consumption and export during famine years as first serious resilience plan facing Nile cycles of floods and droughts, then accordingly he became the Egyptian treasurer.
Late into the Famine seven, even Egypt was feeling the crunch. Egyptians used up all of their money for buying the grains, then their livestock and ,as a last resort, sold their properties to the Pharao. Finally Joseph set a mandate that because the people would be sowing and harvesting seed on government property, a fifth of the produce should go to the Pharaoh. The Egyptian triad had survived for first time to maintain sustenance during droughts. God was temporarily replaced by Pharao’s dream plans, Joseph’s virtuousness, dream reading and astuteness, replacing the expensive Ra and his priests. The Pharao strengthened his grip and central position in the triad to maintain continuity of Egyptian state.

The New kingdom marched with Ramesses the Great, a bold military leader, leading his army in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) against the Hittities into a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty. However, Egypt withdrew from much of the Near East and the Hittities were thus left to compete unsuccessfully with the powerfully fearful Assyrians.
Then Egypt was on a rendezvous with another Monotheistic crisis while Moses crossed his journey adrift on the Nile in a bascet, to be brought up at the Royal court. Moses became the Israelite leader who challenged the Egyptian triad by offering the Pharao, the one and only God, and organizing the slaves to his cause. The page was closed dramatically by the exodus and drowning of the pursuing Pharao and his souldiers. However, the Egyptian triad continued to persist, survive and win the battle against yet another hard, forceful and divisive application of monotheistic principle.
Egypt s wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west, the Nubians to the south and the Sea People to the North, largely Greek,Phoenician/Cannanite. Initially, the military was able to repel these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in southern Cannan, much of it falling to the Assyrians. The impact of external threats was exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption and civil unrest.
During this time, Libyan Berber tribes had been settling in the western delta then took control of the delta and finally founded the Bubastite dynasty. This was followed by Khshite Nubian invasion from the south, that led to the Twenty-fifth dynasty with reuniting the “Two Lands” of Northern and Southern Egypt and ushering a last historical appearance of a renaissance period for ancient Egypt and restoring religion, arts, and architecture to their glorious Old, Middle, and New Kingdom forms.
The Assyrians of the Near East launched a campaign to take Egypt from Nubians, and finally they sacked Thebes, Egypt’s civilisation cornerstone, to such an extent it never truly recovered.
Then, the war-weakened Assyrians withdrew from Egypt and Egyptians regained control of the land, temporarily, with the help of Greek mercenaries who were recruited to form Egypt s first navy. The Babylonians invaded Egypt briefly before it fell in the hands of the Persians, who then surrendered it to the Ptolemic conquerer Alexander the Great, The Macedonian Ptolemic dynasty established an administration according to Egyptian model and based in a new capital city of Alexandria
Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs, however they were challenged by by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria. Egypt became a province of Roman empire following defeat of Ptolemic Queen Cleopatra and defected Roman General Marc Antony. Alexandria was transformed from being Ptolemic centre of knoledge into Romanic centre of trade guaranteeing supply of Egypt grains and oriental luxuries. The Romans maintained aggressive and even hostile attitude towards Egyptians and their culture and excluded them from local administration which style became fully Romanic.
From the mid-first century AD, another monotheistic religion, Christianity, took root in Egypt initially as another cult that could be accepted. However as --convert--s number became sizable, the religion turned into a major conflict with the foreign Greco-Roman rulers. Christians were heavily persecuted , which in--dir--ectly won them sympathy of native Egyptians. Even when the Romans adopted christianity, coptic faced them harshly on the philosophic front regarding nature of Jesus and maintained a unique and daring stand, that almost diveded churches into Coptic on one side and Eastern´-or-Western Romanic churches on the other side. Unlike Judaism, Christianity was, on the whole, very humble in treating Egyptian eternal triad. Egyptians tended to receive it with ease as they believed in a God of some sort as well as of after-life.
Egypt was tossed around initially by Greek-Roman competition, and finally Sassanid-Byzantine conflict. Following destruction of Thebes, Egyptian triad had suffered a major blow under their powers. River Nile was the only constant component, however land produce was drained to supply the occupying empires. Apart from Christians persecution, Egyptian Gods were not challenged, but rather neglected. The state was dismantled and Alexandria, where Nile ends its journey, became the seat of the invading military power, state centre and route for the marching Empires.
The Arabs have taken Egypt after defeating both the Sassanids and the Romans. They habitually gave the people they faced three alternatives: Islam, Tax for protection and freedom of religion,´-or-War. The Arabic army replaced the vanquished Roman’s and Egyptians were tactfully faced with either Tax´-or-Islam. Another monotheistic encounter that had been humble as they had never tried to exclude´-or-persecute other religions. They started on very good terms with the Copts and maintained that all along.

The whole Egyptian triad was reshaped according to the new conquerors terms who seemed to be continuously on the march. Taking Egypt seemed imperative to neutralise Byzantine power on one side, to use as a steppinmg stone for further eastward extension and finally to add much needed wealth for the growing empire.
Beliefs in the divine and in the afterlife were ingrained in ancient Egyptian civilization from its inception. However, the Gods were not always viewed as benevolent, and Egyptians believed they had to be appeased with offerings and prayers and following orders of a large rank of priests in various temples. Then suddenly, they were offered the most compassionate God, with neither sacrifices nor priests in between. A God who will flow the Nile´-or-hold it back and dictate a path for Sirius .The native Egyptians embraced Islam in quite large number , that might have been exceeded only after conquest of Mecca.
“No God but Allah” seemed to be the first and only monotheism that topped the Egyptian triad. Pharaos´-or-late occupiers were replaced by a Moslem Arabic Prince who is the army leader and the whole state was militarised to maintain the expanding power of the Empire. Economy of the state was maintained initially according to the previous Roman adminstaration, however Egypt’s strategic position amidst warring empires, gained immense strategic importance and guaranteed an additional revenue to the treasury.
Egypt was gradually islamized and arabized, but the Egyptians had engraved their touches on the Islamic empire since the first Madina conflict. They really believed in God and Islam , however rebelled against the third Khalifa on one side and didn’t mind being Shia Moslems when Fatimid Berbers topped the Egyptian triad, nor being Sunni when Kurdish Saladin took the lead and reopened Jerusalim.
Then the Egyptian triad, God with Sunni background, Mamluk militarised state, Nile river and coommercial routes, , maintained Egypt central position of the Islamic world, representing the zenith of Egyptian-Levantine political, economic and cultural glory and defending the Islamic empire against barbaric attacks of the Taters.
With the rise of the Ottoman Empire, their janissaries vanquished the Mamluk cavalry, and the centre of power departed from Cairo to Constantinople. Egyptian triad had never settled as the Mamluks kept challenging the Ottomans at the top of Egyptian triad, and Egypt remained semi-autonomous state.
With the decline of Ottomans empire, Egypt’s fate would be linked to the “Eastern Question” and the Europeans power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The ruling military power would move from Mamluks, through brief French, into Albanian Turk and finally settle with the British. The moderate Egyptian Islamic style would be challenged by hard style of Wahhabis emerging in Arabia.
French invasion, probably with Turkish blessings initially, ushered the begining of a new wave of industrialised Crusaders. Mamluk cavalry lost again to the French firepower, however they managed to keep the moment against any foreign intervention while playing the card of French-British conflict. The Ottoman Empire switched sides and allied with the Brits and Russians against France. Withdrawal of the French troops and capitulation to the British who besieged Alexandria and occupied Egypt momentarily, precipitated a military war between Turks, Albanian mercenaries and Mamluks to fill the power vaccum which was followed by civil uprising, led by Al-Azhar Sheiks.
However for the first time in modern history, the Egyptian publics grew stronger enough to have a say and just to tip the balance in the power struggle through their institution of Faith, namely Al-Azhar.
The power was seized by by Muhammed Ali, a fiercely wild and astute Albanian military commander in the Ottoman army. He had used the Mamluks to depose the Turkish governer to the delight of Egyptian leaders. He then, deposed Egyptians’ leaders and slaughters the Maluks while feasting in honor of His campain against the Wahabbis rising power in Arabia.
Hence, he topped the Egyptian triad as the undisputed military leader and created the Ali Dynasty that lasted more than eighty years. It was born on a Western strategic background of controlled decline of the Ottomans, and preparing Egypt to fit in the imperial grand scheme as led mainly by Britain and to lessed extent by France.
The Egyptian system ,while opposing Ottomans, strategically opened all doors to the Western powers. His army was reorganized along European lines with the ambition of being a regional power. Turbulent Turkish and Albanian elements being replaced by Sudanese and Egyptian fellahin through con--script--ion. Many wars were fought, against Saudis, Greeks, and Ottomans, however all regional moves were penalised by Europians especially England, and ended up with no fleet and an army restricted to 18,000 men that is only capable of controlling the Egyptians. On the other side, Egyptian army element will be manipulated and abused by the adminstration in dodging Western hegemony, abd for the second time, Egypt would be reocupied by Britain.
Beliefs were maintained on the Sunni tradition as Ali maintained and developed Al-Azhar university through Western scholaships and a reverse translation trends that lead to profound social changes and introduction of such ideas as moderately realistic Islamism, libralism and nationalism in contrast to rising Wahhabism in Arabia. Copts were included in all projects, and equally respected, however paid Poll tax initially.
Ali became the proprietor of nearly all Egypt soil, through land nationalisation, following excessively progressive taxes. Irrigation system were revamped and crowened with state monoply of the chief products of the country. Considerable revenue accumulated through forced labour and being the sole trader of Egypt’s products, however the Dynasty ended in bankrupcy following Suez canal completion. Western Dual control of failed Egyptian treasury, would be replaced by --dir--ect British intervention.
Initially, Egyptians revolted in Cairo and took Ali’s side. However, Fellahin of Upper Egypt rebelled against con--script--ions, but were smashed by the state military power. Both were under religious guidence, however the third uprising “Orabi’s Revolt” was guided by the Egyptian element in the Army and ended by the British occupation.
British occupation of Egypt started initially of a temporary nature that would end when Egypt’s affairs had been straightened out. However, as France and Britain dually agreed on colonial roles (1906), occupation remained for seventy years. Simultaneously, other Anglo-French contradictions over the Egyptian Public Debt and the regime of the Suez Canal were also settled. The British administrator without high-sounding title had taken over the roles of the cabinet and the Khedive while establishing dictatorship of British finance capital and ruthlessly suppressing the newly formed Egyptian national liberation movement. A democratic façade of two Houses of impotent powerless Parliament: Legislative Council and a General Assembly were established. The Egyptian army were dealt two major defeats, initially at Tel El-Keber that ushered the occupation and later in 1948 war with Israel where the new reality of Middle east had been established with British delivery of the newly-born twins entities of Israel(Cis-Jordan) and Jordan Kingdom (Trans-Jordan) following the end of WWII.
The national movement resurfaced with much emphasis on struggle for reforms and for the alteration of the internal structure of Egyptian life, rather than mass popular movement. When using the Anglo-French contradictions had proved ineffective, nationalists fought for reincorporation in the Ottoman Empire and Pan-Islamism, instead of calling for full independence. The Denshawai execution spurred the development of the Egyptian national liberation movement, under leadership of Mostafa Kamel, where demonstrations and protest meetings swept the country, that lead to emergence of political parties and trade --union--s. Following WWI, Egyptian Wafd Delegation attendending the Paris Peace Conference 1919, and demanding Egypt s independence were arrested and deported to Malta. This led to mass demonstrations including women, that became huge uprisings, best known as 1919 Revolution. Britian initially tried to suppress it and killed more than 800 people. Within three years of a Commission and Delegates to UK, the British authorities imposed martial law and unilaterally declared Egyptian independence abolishing the protectorate and establishing an independent Kingdom of Egypt under strict in--dir--ect UK control.
Moslem reformers tried revival of Islam as a return to the true religion combined to adoption of Western capitalism, civilisation, and technical knowledge in the Arab countries.
Arab nationalism arose in close contact with the Moslem reform movement reflecting resistance to the Turkish hegemony and hope of formation of a single Arab State.
British administrator decided initially to begin splitting the ranks of the Egyptian national movement by supporting Egyptian anglophiles party against others. Finally working on the Indian pattern, they tried magnifying differences of Islam and Coptic Christianity into a question of strife between the two religious communities.
Economically, Dual Control over Egypt’s finances had ended immediately after --dir--ect occupation. Britain was set about turning Egypt into one-crop country and raw cotton base for British industry with all infrastructures needed realized at Egypt’s expense.
British occupation was a kind of military dictatorship that belittled Egyptian rulers, dwarfed the Egyptian military, made a mockery of the democratic houses, enslaved the Egyptians and finally declared the birth of Israel. Egypt became a steppingstone on the road to India, a forward post in the ploy to control the Levent and Arabia and a British base during the World Wars. Financially, Britain, unlawfully, held keys to Egyptian treasury and drained it to the maximum. Religiously, Britain recognized Islamic aspects of Egypt, but tried hard, unsuccessfuly though, to drive a wedge between Moslems and Copts. Meanwhile, they fostered different Islamic groups including Pan-Islamist Moslem Brotherhood that had been born in Ismaillia, the biggest British military base outside UK.
With decline of the British Empire, readiness of the United States of America for their inheritance and rise of the challenging power of the Eastern block under the Soviet control, Egyptian army was set to the scene as Nasser’s coup d état proved successful.
Initial conflicts between Egyptian Nationalists and Islamists had made great im--print--s on both. Nationalists had been transformed into Pan-Arab Nationalist, inspired by mass Arab support to Egypt, while Moslem Brotherhood, being banned, had gone underground and fermenting different brands of radical Jihadists, thus leaving the moderate Al-Azhar and the Coptic church to top religious ladders.
Transient authoritarianism was adopted to face remnants of the false imperial democracy and to crush both workers movements and radical Islamic trends. Finally, Egypt was centrally controlled by a military state with a charismatic and well-respected leader.
Israel started teasing the military system with skirmishes across Gaza borders that culminated into tripartite aggression following Suez Canal nationalization. In spite of its political victory and marking the end of European Civilization Supremacy, the system failed gravely to realize the strategic importance of Sinai and never thought of repopulating and modernizing it.
While state army was exhausted through Yemen and Syrian conflicts, it was damaged badly by Israel s successful invasion and occupation of Sinai and Arab territory in the Six-Day War.
The central state moved to “Arab socialism” that included inland reforms, nationalization of major industries, the Suez Canal and the banking systems in the country. For the first time in history, Egyptians tamed the Nile flooding with building Aswan Dam on one side, and on the other side received lands from the state contrary to all previous pharaohs and foreign rulers. However, they ignored populating the red land and continued to live on the black land, threatening it especially with population overgrowth.
It was a new period of modernization and secular ideology, where ordinary Egyptians enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment as well as other forms of social welfare while aristocratic influence waned.
Pan-Arab nationalism, persistently failed to materialize through multiple futile trials of Arab states --union--s, and became less and less apparent in Arab politics. Non Aligned Movement independent of both NATO and the Warsaw Pact became a burden after initial success in recruiting Developing world solidarity. After initial substantial economic growth that marked the early 1960s, economy took a downturn for the remainder of the decade and the system seemed to be ready to course and abort “ Arab Socialism”
The economic decline and population overgrowth ushered the beginning of the second Republic, led by Sadat and system influential right wing . A complete U-turn and change of heart had followed change of guards and dumping of those who appeared to be on the left of the regime.
The military stayed as the backbone of the system, however the issue of occupied Sinai remained to threaten its central existence in the system. The last war with Israel was fought hoping for a-limit-ed victory over the Israelis that would the status quo. Ties with Soviet --union-- were severed and Egypt became an ally of the United States. War initial successes --restore--d Egyptian military pride and led to peace agreement in exchange of regaining of the entire Sinai Peninsula.
Paradoxically, the military encouraged the emergence of Islamist movement in exchange for their political support. Islamists were considered a useful counterweight to Marxist and Arab leftist opposition, as they rose from a minority group into dominating of the universities, syndicates and public charities while the leftist organizations being driven underground. As religiosity was ascendant in Egypt, conflict with the Coptic Egyptians took a violent course. Moslem Brotherhood was in the lead, while supporting and covering-up for more openly violent Islamist groups.
Pan-Arabism and Arabic Socialism had been replaced by open market economy “Elite Capitalism” through governmental decrees. Class changes allowed creation of the wealthy upper class, squeezing the middle class and dissatisfaction of the majority of Egyptians. As World Bank and International Monetary Fund mandated termination of state subsidies on basic foodstuffs,” Bread Uprising” of lower class people, led by leftists and denounced by Islamists, marked the exhaustion of military public support.
The military-Islamist fight for system control continued openly, however Moslem Brotherhood regretted being indifferent to the Bread uprising and changed its tactics towards cooperation with leftists and other liberal groups, infiltrating of both the army and the security forces, maintaining an economic strength and finally keeping low profile. The military appeared to win, however got their top General “Sadat” assasinated islamically in the very same day of commemorating their war achievement.

The Republic continued under different General “Mubarak” but with, more´-or-less, the same of everything but a difference of a degree and of the cumulative results. An absolute autocratic control aided by long lasting Emergency law rule in the face of persistently and gigantically growing Islamist movements had certainly marked this phase. Brotherhood members were allowed a political place, independent parliamentary sizable presence, economic strength and unlimited access to different aspects of Egyptian life.
Meanwhile, other political oppositions including Kefaya and the April 6 Youth Movement, Bloggers´-or-cyber “activists” have been weak and divided, with negligible practical impact. Eventually, it appeared as a tug of war between the military system and Islamists with different shades, however led by Moslem Brotherhood.

The system maintained being a staunch ally of the United States, however both Islamic and non-Islamic opposition rallied for US governmental´-or-non-governmental support. Israel became a friend, but the system while agreeing to US two-state solution, ignored gravely its most practical and inevitable implication, which is purging Palestinians across the borders to create a pure Jewish state.

Liberalization of Egypt s economy continued with ambitious reform for expanding the role of the private sector with macroeconomic improvement especially after being bailed out financially following taking part in the Gulf War.
Islamists terrorism against state, Coptics, liberals, artists and foreigners had grown to unprecedented level, which escalated regime s cruelty, coercion and disregard for human rights.
Overpopulation, uneven spread of economic growth, corruption, reduction in governmental social spending and rising of food costs impoverished majority of Egyptians, whose support for the elderly General finally waned over the issue of his successor.
Over few moments of hope, April 6 Youth Movement posed to take the system by surprise, as it called for general strike and civil disobedience in a passive approach with all “Don’ts” and without any “Do’s”
The cyber space was made active, and police forces were applied, however it failed to materialize to reach any near its goals. However, Muslim Brotherhood changed tactics as its members supported the strike but under no MB banners.
Economic hardships escalated from bad to worse and the government reached an impasse negotiating with IMF and WB and on one hand refusing its “Stick” policy while fearing similar consequences like previous Bread uprising, and on the other hand resisting its “ the Carrot” policy as facilitating Palestinian extension through Sinai.
The “ Arab Spring” rose, cynically few years before the 100th anniversary of the Arab Revolt that erupted to secure independence from the “impious!” Young Turks government and create a single unified Arab state spanning from Syria to Yemen following the First Arab Congress in “Paris”, and under the leadership of “Britain”
Following the dramatic events in Tunisia, the cyber space was agitated and Egyptian people took to the streets in an unprecedented way on January 25th. For a moment, it seemed that the Egyptian mass were about to angrily crush the system. The manual of “ Cairo Fire” had been reopened to replicate burning, looting, jail braking, killings, police stations dismantling, and sudden disappearance of security forces. Moslem Brothers and their associates pushed people in the “Occupy the squares!!” move and orchestrated behind the scene necessary ignitions in collaboration with Hamas professional fighters beside their own militia.
Finally the system lost control and the army found itself between the devil and deep blue sea. It became clear for the main players that the game was over and that Moslem Brotherhood had won the battle against the military. The elderly General resigned and the army capitulated to them to write the last chapter in the second republic, which started with Sadat’s invitation for Islamists to tidy up the scene for the military.
After a transitory period where MB had marginalized all those who had co-initiated January uprising, they came triumphantly alone into the real power and Morsi became the president beginning the last chapter in the second republic.
Religiously, they ignored Egyptian moderate Islamic attitude while upholding only MB family orientation, contravened Egyptian bi-religious nature by fuelling a war against their Coptic Egyptian fellows, and more dangerously forwarded an aggressive Islamic traditions that alienated most of their fellow Egyptians. The worst was hijacking Egypt onto an International Islamist coalition, spanning from Qatar to Turkey, passing by fifty shades of returning al-Kaeda fighters and including Palestinian Hamas and Militias of Islamist Arabs in Libya, Sudan, Iraq and Syria.
They wrestled hard for transforming the professional Egyptian army into a militia led army through its infiltration and creating a parallel and a spearhead Islamist Guards. Palestinians and Arab Islamist militia members, weapons and bombs seeped into Sinai, the Delta and Upper Egypt. The worst was dragging the army into the side of demolishing the Syrian system. America and Israel were dear friends, while watching Hamas-MB cooperation defusing Gaza crisis. They failed seriously in maintaining Egypt’s national security while connecting to other MB families outside Egyptian borders. Meanwhile, the army Generals felt isolated and pushed towards the wrong end.
MB led the Economy from government as if they were still in opposition and couldn’t put a break on the collapsing economy as Qatari, Turkish and others promises didn’t materialize while expanding Palestinians into Sinai was slowly progressing.
They failed massively in management of the Egyptian triad, but mainly where their economic program turned out to be a sham, while the time was too short to dismantle the army in favor of their own Islamist Guards. As a result, Egyptians never forgave them of taking the MB family higher in position above the Egyptian nation.
In June, Egyptians took to the streets again in millions and the Army came to the rescue in July 3rd. by deposing Morsi, banning MB and pledging a war on terror to get rid of their enemy that had proven, beyond any doubt, to be as well an enemy of Egypt.
While the army is taking responsibility for security against implanted and continuously invading terrorists and recognizing dual religious nature of Egypt, the question remains whether the army would be a match for this international coalition of Islamic terrorism against Egypt and/or for salvaging the ailing economy.

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